However, they require extensive training ( Chollet et al., 2015). Good public speaking skills are nowadays important for many professions and in everyday life. ![]() One upcoming application context for VR social anxiety applications is public speaking therapy and training applications. ![]() However, moderator analyses on these meta-analytic effects (e.g., influence of presence, immersion, or demographics) are often limited due to inconsistent reporting in the literature ( Parsons and Rizzo, 2008). Similar results have been obtained by another meta-analysis on VRET for specific phobias, social phobia, PTSD, and panic disorder, showing even a small effect size in favor of VRET over in vivo exposure ( Powers and Emmelkamp, 2008). Further, VRET shows similar efficacy than classical interventions without VR exposure and comparable real-life impact with a good stability over time. The findings show that VRET leads to better outcomes than waiting list control. (2012) analyzed VRET outcomes for fear of flying, panic disorder/agoraphobia, social phobia, arachnophobia, acrophobia, and PTSD. On the other hand, VRET also seems to be a promising intervention compared to classical evidence-based treatments for anxiety disorders. Meta-analyses show on the one hand that VRET leads to considerable reduction of negative affective symptoms for anxiety disorders and phobias like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social phobia, arachnophobia, acrophobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and aviophobia ( Parsons and Rizzo, 2008). To date, a considerable amount of research was conducted on VR applications in a clinical context, investigating the use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders. Especially in comparison with traditional methods, they provide further advantages: stimulus presentation can be controlled and adapted to the clients’ progress, the scenarios are safe and minimize consequences of mistakes and are, therefore, often more acceptable, and virtual agents can be integrated into applications that aim at the training of social interactions ( Wiederhold and Wiederhold, 2005b). With VR applications, ecologically valid training and therapy scenarios can be presented that otherwise are hard to realize (for example, for training a presentation in front of a large audience or an audience with a different cultural background). It provides a new and complex human–computer interaction paradigm ( Nijholt, 2014), since users are no longer “external observers of images on a computer screen but are active participants in a computer-generated three-dimensional (3D) world” ( Bowman and Hodges, 1999, p. Virtual reality (VR) technology as a tool offers great possibilities for training and therapy purposes. This underlines the need for more studies dedicated to the interaction of contributing factors for determining the quality of VR public speaking applications. The presenter’s reaction to the virtual agents in the audience shows a tendency of overlap of explained variance with task difficulty. ![]() ![]() The results indicate that the covariates moderate the effect of task difficulty on speech performance, turning it into a non-significant effect. In a cross-sectional, repeated measures laboratory study, the effects of task difficulty (independent variable), ability to concentrate, fear of public speaking, and social presence (covariates) on public speaking performance (dependent variable) in a virtual training scenario were analyzed, using stereoscopic visualization on a screen. Based on this framework, variables that are postulated to influence the quality of a public speaking training application were selected for a first validation study. The “quality evaluation of user-system interaction in virtual reality” framework for evaluation of VR applications is presented that includes system features, user factors, and moderating variables. While it is established that public speaking training in virtual reality (VR) is effective, comprehensive studies on the underlying factors that contribute to this success are rare. Good public speaking skills are essential in many professions as well as everyday life, but speech anxiety is a common problem. Media Psychology and Media Design Group, Department of Economic Sciences and Media, Institute for Media and Communication Science, TU Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
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